081010 サイエンスZERO

081010 サイエンスZERO
ZEROスベシャル シリーズ ヒトの謎に迫る(1)

DNAが解き明かす人類の旅

コメンテーター:東京大学大学院情報学環佐倉統教授
プレゼンター:国立科学博物館人類研究部篠田謙一

突然変異の蓄積
すべてが元に戻ることはない。

ヒトとは過去と未来を考える動物である

1.ミトコンドリアDNAが教えるヒトのルーツ
ミトコンドリアDNA:核とは異なる,リング状,母から子へ受け継がれる,その時突然変異で入れ替わる塩基、それで近いか分かる。
ペルーのミイラ
差異を繋げていく
Lは4つに別れる
3つはアフリカだけ
エチオピアから骨
最古のホモサピエンス

東アフリカから西、南へ,その後、紅海を渡り海岸線沿いにインド東南アジアと東へ、5万年前オーストラリアへ到達、その後3つのルートで日本へ

東への移動の後4万年前ヨーロッパへ到達

アメリカへは、ベーリング陸橋渡る時アラスカの氷河に阻まれ数千年留まりアメリカ大陸を南下

出アフリカの回数は?:1回か数回150人から2000人

海岸線沿いなのは海産物を主に食べていた。


2.太平洋進出のカギ
イースター島ラパヌイ
6000年前、台湾の人たちが南へフィリピン、パプアニューギニアへ、3000年前メラネシアへ、1500年前ポリネシアのハワイ、そしてイースター島へ

京都大学大学院自然人類学片山一道教授
漂流したのではなく航海した。
星と風と海と渡り鳥
積荷:タロイモ、バナナ、椰子の実の豊富な食料。アジア原産の食物
農耕で食料を確保
島での生活の要
島は農耕無しには進出できない
オーストロネシア語族
菊澤律子准教授
単語の形が似てる
台湾ルカイ語、フィリピンタガロク語、トンガ語、ラパヌイの言葉
3:turu,tatlo,toru,toru
食べる:kanga,kain,kai,kai
言葉の発音が変わっても変化が引き継がれる
遺伝と似ている

3.全DNAを解析せよ
父親から息子へ受け継がれる染色体Y
文明と文明の出会いが分かる。

ペルーの山岳部、先住民族のDNAを持つ
ミトコンドリアでは、94%
Y染色体では46%
大航海時代のヨーロッパアフリカの影響

南アメリカ全体、先住民族のDNAを持つ
ミトコンドリアでは、82.8%
Y染色体では8.6%

東海大学医学部木村亮介助教
核DNAチップ50万個の配列の違いを調べる
パプアニューギニアで台湾からの人が先住民と出会い、混血した割合が分かる。
トンガと東アジアと見ると3割混血した
どのくらいの人たちがどんな集団サイズでかなどが分かる。

過去の歴史が正確に分かるようになった。それから未来へ
科学で物語を共通に語れる。
アフリカの持つ価値を見直す。

ここまで正確に分かるようになってきたんですね。
アフリカには3/4の分かれた人たちのDNAがあるのもすごい。
太平洋へは1500年前と意外と近い時代だったんだなぁ。
農耕の果たす役割は大きい。

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